Various methods are employed to study chemical penetration:
In Vitro Studies: Utilizing human or animal skin models to simulate and measure penetration without the ethical concerns of in vivo testing. In Vivo Studies: Direct application on living organisms to observe penetration and systemic distribution, although these raise ethical considerations. Computational Modeling: Predictive models using physicochemical properties to estimate penetration potential, offering a cost-effective and ethical alternative to experimental studies.
