The Bcl-2 family of proteins are pivotal regulators of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. This family consists of both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members. Pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bak promote the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, while anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL prevent this release. The balance between these opposing forces dictates the cell's fate. Toxicants often disrupt this balance, tipping the scale towards apoptosis by promoting the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins or inhibiting anti-apoptotic proteins.
