What Role Do Biomarkers Play in Understanding S Phase Toxicity?
Biomarkers are essential tools in understanding how toxicants affect the S phase. These biological indicators can reveal the presence of DNA damage, replication stress, or activation of repair pathways. For example, increased levels of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) are a marker of DNA double-strand breaks. By studying these biomarkers, toxicologists can assess the potential risk of various substances and their mechanisms of action.
