Pathogens such as Varroa destructor mites, viruses, and fungi are significant factors in the decline of bee populations. The Varroa mite is particularly devastating as it feeds on bee hemolymph and acts as a vector for several viruses. These pathogens can weaken colonies, making them less resilient to other stressors, including toxic chemicals. The interaction between pathogens and pesticides can exacerbate the effects on bee health, leading to a higher incidence of CCD.
