The toxicity of epoxides largely stems from their ability to act as electrophiles, readily forming covalent bonds with nucleophilic sites in cellular components. This reactivity can lead to the formation of adducts with DNA, potentially causing mutations and initiating carcinogenic processes. For instance, the epoxide form of benzo[a]pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, is a potent carcinogen. Additionally, epoxides can modify proteins, leading to impaired cellular function and triggering immune responses.
