The toxicity of LPS arises from their ability to activate the immune system. When LPS enter the bloodstream, they are recognized by immune cells, particularly macrophages and dendritic cells, via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). This binding triggers a cascade of immune responses, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. These cytokines can cause widespread inflammation, leading to conditions such as septic shock and multiple organ failure.
