Toxicology often involves studying oxidative stress, which is a result of an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. ESR is a powerful tool for detecting ROS and other free radicals that are involved in cellular damage and toxicity. For example, ESR can help identify the presence of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and nitric oxide, all of which are important in understanding the mechanisms of toxicity and the development of toxicological interventions.
