Biomarkers in toxicology are classified into three main categories: biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility.
Biomarkers of Exposure: These indicate the presence of a toxicant in the body. For instance, measuring the concentration of lead in blood can serve as a biomarker of lead exposure. Biomarkers of Effect: These indicate a biological response to a toxicant. An example is measuring liver enzymes in the blood as a response to liver damage caused by alcohol. Biomarkers of Susceptibility: These reflect an individualâs inherent or acquired ability to respond to exposure. Genetic polymorphisms that affect metabolism of toxins are common susceptibility biomarkers.
