CSFs are derived from epidemiological studies, animal studies, and mechanistic data. Epidemiological studies provide direct evidence of cancer risk in humans, but they are often limited by confounding factors and variability. Animal studies, on the other hand, offer controlled environments where specific variables can be manipulated, but they require extrapolation to human scenarios. Mechanistic data help understand the biological processes involved in carcinogenesis, providing insights into dose-response relationships.
