Toxicity assessment of nanoparticles involves both in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro assays include tests for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress. In vivo studies often involve animal models to evaluate the distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nanoparticles, as well as their potential to cause organ-specific toxicity. Advanced techniques like high-throughput screening and omics technologies are also being employed for comprehensive toxicity profiling.
