Biofilms can impact toxicity in several ways. Firstly, they serve as a physical barrier that reduces the penetration of toxins into the microbial community. This can protect the microorganisms within from antimicrobial agents and heavy metals. Secondly, biofilms can facilitate the transformation or degradation of toxic compounds through microbial metabolic processes, potentially reducing toxicity. However, they can also enhance toxicity by concentrating toxicants within the matrix, increasing local exposure levels.
