Efflux pumps can be studied using various biochemical and molecular techniques. These include gene knockout studies, where the genes encoding efflux pumps are deleted to observe the resulting phenotypic changes. Additionally, fluorescence assays can be used to measure the activity of efflux pumps by tracking the expulsion of fluorescent substrates. Structural studies using techniques like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy provide insights into the conformational changes that occur during the transport process.
