complexity of substances

How Do Chemical Interactions Influence Toxicity?

Substances rarely exist in isolation; they often interact with other chemicals, leading to complex toxicological effects. These interactions can be:
- Additive: The combined effect of two substances is equal to the sum of their individual effects.
- Synergistic: The combined effect is greater than the sum of individual effects, leading to heightened toxicity.
- Antagonistic: One substance reduces the toxic effect of another, potentially mitigating harm.

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