The toxicity of a substance depends on its chemical properties and how it interacts with biological systems. Key factors include:
- Chemical Structure: The arrangement of atoms within a molecule influences its reactivity and interaction with biological targets. For example, isomers can have vastly different toxicological profiles. - Dose-Response Relationship: Toxicity is often dose-dependent, where the effects vary with the amount of substance an organism is exposed to. This principle is captured by the concept of the dose-response curve. - Exposure Routes: The route of exposure—whether inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact, or injection—affects how a substance is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted.
