Monitoring sensors operate through various mechanisms depending on the type of sensor and the target toxin. Common technologies include electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, and biosensors. Electrochemical sensors, for instance, detect changes in electrical properties caused by chemical reactions between the sensor material and the toxin. Optical sensors use light absorption, emission, or scattering to identify the presence of a substance. Biosensors, on the other hand, combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector to identify chemical substances.
