Biological systems in toxicology refer to the complex interactions between toxic substances and the biological processes in organisms. These interactions can affect various levels of biological organization, from molecular to cellular, tissue, organ, and entire organisms.
Molecular Level: At this level, toxins may interact with proteins, DNA, or other biomolecules, potentially leading to mutations or disruptions in normal cellular functions. Cellular Level: Toxicants can interfere with cell membranes, affect enzyme activities, or induce oxidative stress, leading to cell damage or death. Organ Level: Certain organs, like the liver and kidneys, are primary targets for toxins. These organs play a key role in metabolism and detoxification processes, and their impairment can lead to systemic effects.
