Toxic substances can disrupt the normal function of cardiac cells in several ways. They can interfere with ion channels, which are essential for the electrical signaling that controls heartbeats. Calcium channels, sodium channels, and potassium channels are particularly important targets. Toxins can also induce oxidative stress, leading to cell damage or death. Additionally, toxicants may affect the mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell, impairing energy production necessary for cardiac function.
