Toxicants can interfere with the insulin pathway at various levels, leading to insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism. Some endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, have been shown to impair insulin signaling by altering receptor function or disrupting downstream signaling molecules. Heavy metals like arsenic and cadmium can also interfere with the insulin pathway by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are known to contribute to insulin resistance.
