The mechanism of toxicity often involves interaction with biological molecules such as proteins, DNA, and lipids. These interactions can lead to changes in cellular function and structure. Common mechanisms include:
Enzyme Inhibition: Many toxicants inhibit enzymes, disrupting metabolic processes and leading to an accumulation of toxic metabolites. Oxidative Stress: Some substances induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage cells and tissues by oxidizing lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. DNA Damage: Certain chemicals can interact directly with DNA, causing mutations that may lead to cancer or other genetic disorders. Receptor Binding: Toxicants may bind to cellular receptors, mimicking or blocking the action of natural hormones and neurotransmitters, disrupting normal physiological processes.
