Various toxins can directly or indirectly impair renal function. Nephrotoxic agents such as heavy metals (e.g., lead and mercury), certain drugs (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and organic solvents can cause direct damage to the renal tissues. Indirectly, toxins can alter renal blood flow, induce oxidative stress, or trigger inflammatory responses, all of which can compromise renal function.
