Various techniques are used to analyze gene expression in the context of toxicology. Some common methods include real-time PCR, microarrays, and RNA sequencing. Real-time PCR quantifies specific RNA molecules, providing precise measurements of gene expression. Microarrays assess the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously, while RNA sequencing offers a comprehensive view of the entire transcriptome. These techniques enable toxicologists to study the effects of toxicants at a molecular level.
