Various in vitro and in vivo methods are used to study hydroxylation. In vitro methods include the use of liver microsomes or recombinant enzymes to investigate the metabolic pathways of drugs and toxins. In vivo studies in animal models or humans can provide insights into the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of hydroxylated metabolites. Advanced techniques such as mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy are often employed to identify and quantify hydroxylated products.
