Detecting NPS toxicity is challenging due to the rapid evolution of these compounds. Standard toxicology screens often fail to identify NPS, necessitating the use of advanced analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These methods can identify the specific chemical structure of the NPS, aiding in diagnosis and treatment.
