Organ toxicity is assessed using a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies. In vitro studies involve the use of cultured cells or tissue slices to observe direct effects of chemicals on cells. In vivo studies involve animal models to evaluate the systemic impact of toxicants on organ systems. Biomarkers such as liver enzymes, creatinine, and troponins are also used to assess organ damage in clinical settings. Advanced techniques like histopathology, imaging, and molecular biology are employed to understand the mechanisms underlying toxicity.
