Organ toxicity can occur through various mechanisms including oxidative stress, inflammation, disruption of cellular homeostasis, and apoptosis. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between reactive oxygen species and the body's antioxidant defenses, leading to cellular damage. Inflammation can result in tissue injury and fibrosis, while disruption of cellular homeostasis can interfere with normal cellular functions. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, can be triggered by toxicants leading to loss of functional cells.
