Measuring oxidative stress can be complex due to the transient nature of ROS. Common methods include the detection of biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) for lipid peroxidation, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) for DNA damage, and the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes. Advanced techniques like electron spin resonance (ESR) can also be used to directly detect free radicals.
