reference doses (rfd)

How is the RfD Calculated?

The RfD is derived from the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) or the Lowest-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (LOAEL) obtained from animal or human studies. These values are then divided by uncertainty factors (UFs) to account for variability among humans, differences between animals and humans, the quality of the data, and other uncertainties and variabilities. The formula is typically represented as:
\[ \text{RfD} = \frac{\text{NOAEL or LOAEL}}{\text{UF}} \]

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