Biomarkers are biological indicators used to measure exposure to toxins, effect of toxins, or susceptibility to toxins. They are crucial in toxicology for early detection of exposure and assessing the risk of adverse effects. Common biomarkers include specific metabolites in the blood or urine that can indicate exposure to heavy metals like lead or mercury. Advances in proteomics and genomics have led to the discovery of new biomarkers, enhancing our ability to understand toxicological impacts at a molecular level.
