Microbial toxins are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that are harmful to host cells. These toxins can disrupt normal cellular processes, weaken the immune system, and cause cell death. For example, botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is one of the most potent toxins known and can lead to paralysis. Other examples include endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria and exotoxins from gram-positive bacteria.
