Signaling pathways are a series of chemical reactions within a cell that are initiated by a signal (such as a chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulus) interacting with a receptor. These pathways are crucial in regulating a myriad of cellular processes including cell growth, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and metabolism. In toxicology, understanding these pathways is essential as they can be perturbed by exposure to toxic substances, leading to adverse health effects.
