Toxins can interact with signaling pathways in multiple ways. They can mimic signaling molecules, block receptors, or influence the synthesis and degradation of signaling components. For instance, benzo[a]pyrene, a component of tobacco smoke, interferes with the MAPK/ERK pathway, leading to aberrant cell proliferation and cancer. Similarly, heavy metals like lead can disrupt calcium signaling, affecting neurotransmitter release and brain function.
