Several biomarkers are used to assess oxidative stress levels. Some of the most common markers include:
Malondialdehyde (MDA): A byproduct of lipid peroxidation, MDA is a widely used marker for oxidative damage to cell membranes. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG): This marker indicates oxidative DNA damage and is often measured in urine as a non-invasive indicator. Protein carbonyls: These result from protein oxidation and are considered reliable indicators of oxidative protein damage. Isoprostanes: These are products of lipid peroxidation and are considered reliable markers for oxidative stress in vivo.
