Several key signal transduction pathways are known to be targeted by toxins:
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): Many toxins can bind to GPCRs, altering their normal function. For instance, nicotine affects acetylcholine receptors, leading to addiction and other health issues. Tyrosine kinase receptors: Some toxins can inhibit or activate these receptors, impacting cell growth and proliferation. The herbicide glyphosate has been shown to influence tyrosine kinase signaling in plants and animals. Ion channels: Toxins like tetrodotoxin can block sodium channels, preventing action potential propagation in nerves, which can result in paralysis.
