Several physiological markers are commonly used in toxicological studies, each serving different purposes:
Enzyme Activity: Changes in enzymes such as cytochrome P450 can indicate metabolic responses to toxins. Hormone Levels: Variations in hormones like cortisol can signify stress responses or endocrine disruption. Biomarkers of Inflammation: Markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) can indicate inflammatory responses to toxic exposure. Oxidative Stress Markers: Compounds like malondialdehyde (MDA) can reflect oxidative damage caused by toxicants. Genetic Markers: Changes in gene expression can reveal genetic responses to toxic exposure.
