Toxins: Substances such as botulinum toxin and Shiga toxin that disrupt cellular processes or kill host cells. Enzymes: Proteins like hyaluronidase that break down host tissues, facilitating the spread of the pathogen. Capsules: Protective layers that help pathogens evade phagocytosis by the host's immune cells. Pili and Fimbriae: Hair-like structures that enhance bacterial adherence to host cells.
