Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) MALDI is an advanced mass spectrometric technique used for the analysis of large biomolecules like proteins and peptides. It is increasingly being used in toxicology for the identification and quantification of [biomarkers](), [protein adducts](), and other macromolecular interactions.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy NMR Spectroscopy provides detailed information about the molecular structure of compounds. It is particularly useful for studying the [metabolic pathways](), interactions of toxicants with biological molecules, and identifying unknown compounds in complex mixtures.
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) NGS is a cutting-edge technique for analyzing nucleic acids. In toxicology, it is used for studying [genetic mutations](), [gene expression](), and [epigenetic changes]() induced by toxicants. It provides comprehensive data on how toxic substances affect genetic material at a molecular level.
