1. In Vitro Testing
In vitro testing involves studying the effects of toxic substances using cell cultures or isolated biological molecules outside their normal biological context. This method allows for high-throughput screening and reduces the need for animal testing. Common in vitro assays include cytotoxicity tests, genotoxicity tests, and enzyme inhibition assays.
2. In Vivo Testing
In vivo testing involves the study of toxic effects in living organisms, such as rodents or other laboratory animals. These tests provide comprehensive information about the
toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of substances. Traditional in vivo tests include acute, sub-chronic, and chronic toxicity studies.
3. Computational Toxicology
Computational toxicology uses computer-based models to predict the toxicological effects of substances. Methods like
quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, molecular docking, and machine learning algorithms are employed to simulate interactions at the molecular level. These models can predict toxicity based on the chemical structure and other properties of compounds.
4. Omics Technologies
Omics technologies, including genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, provide comprehensive profiling at the molecular level. These techniques help in identifying biomarkers and understanding the mechanisms of toxicity. Transcriptomics, for instance, can reveal changes in gene expression in response to toxic exposure.
