Aflatoxins: These are potent carcinogens produced by molds, particularly Aspergillus species, found in improperly stored grains and nuts. Alcohol: Chronic alcohol consumption leads to liver cirrhosis and increases the risk of HCC. Hepatitis B and C: Viral infections can lead to chronic liver inflammation and increase susceptibility to carcinogenic substances. Environmental Pollutants: Exposure to industrial chemicals and pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can damage liver cells. Obesity and Diabetes: These conditions can lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a significant risk factor for HCC.
