damaged or cancerous cells

What Are the Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis?

Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process that involves the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. During initiation, a normal cell undergoes genetic mutations often induced by carcinogens. Promotion involves the clonal expansion of these initiated cells, often stimulated by additional exposures to toxic agents or hormonal changes. Progression is the final step where cancerous cells acquire further genetic changes, leading to metastasis and tumor heterogeneity.

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