Cell damage can occur due to a variety of factors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, generated by exposure to toxicants, can damage cellular components like DNA, proteins, and lipids. Toxic chemicals may interfere with cellular functions, leading to disruptions in homeostasis. Heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, can bind to cellular enzymes and disrupt their activity, while certain drugs may induce apoptosis or necrosis.
