Renal toxicity can be caused by a wide range of substances, including pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, heavy metals, and even some natural products. Certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), antibiotics like aminoglycosides, and chemotherapeutic agents, are well-known for their potential to cause kidney damage. Environmental toxins, such as lead and mercury, are also notorious nephrotoxic agents.
