Water contamination occurs when harmful substances infiltrate water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and aquifers. These contaminants can be chemical, biological, or physical in nature. Point source pollution, such as discharge from factories or wastewater treatment plants, is a significant contributor. Non-point source pollution, like agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, also plays a major role.
Another source of contamination is leachate from landfills, which can seep into groundwater. Industrial activities may introduce heavy metals, while domestic wastewater can add pathogens and nutrients that lead to eutrophication. Accidental oil spills and the improper disposal of pharmaceuticals further exacerbate the contamination problem.
