3D cell culture systems offer a more physiologically relevant model compared to traditional 2D cultures. These systems better mimic the natural cellular environment and allow for more accurate assessment of a substance's effects on human tissues. Organoids and microphysiological systems (MPS), also known as organ-on-a-chip technologies, are advanced 3D cultures that replicate the structure and function of human organs. They provide valuable insights into toxicological effects without the ethical concerns associated with animal testing.
