Carcinogenesis in SCC involves a multistage process that includes initiation, promotion, and progression. During the initiation phase, carcinogens cause DNA damage in squamous cells. If the damage is not repaired, it can lead to mutations. In the promotion phase, these mutated cells proliferate in response to stimuli such as chronic inflammation. Finally, in the progression phase, further genetic alterations lead to invasive cancer that can metastasize.
