Carcinogens are typically identified through a combination of epidemiological studies, laboratory experiments, and animal testing. Epidemiological studies observe the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations, often pointing to potential carcinogenic agents. Laboratory experiments and animal testing help in confirming these observations by providing controlled environments to study the biological effects of suspected carcinogens. Furthermore, the integration of genomic and proteomic technologies has significantly advanced our ability to identify and understand carcinogens.
