Activation can be studied using various experimental approaches, including in vitro assays with liver microsomes or recombinant enzymes, in vivo animal models, and computational modeling. These methods allow researchers to identify metabolic pathways, characterize reactive intermediates, and predict potential toxic effects. Furthermore, advanced techniques like mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be employed to elucidate the structure of activated metabolites.
