Several biomarkers and diagnostic tools can be used to assess endothelial damage, including:
- Circulating Biomarkers: Levels of molecules like von Willebrand factor, endothelin-1, and selectins can indicate endothelial activation or damage. - Imaging Techniques: Techniques such as flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and laser Doppler imaging can assess endothelial function non-invasively. - Biopsy and Histology: While more invasive, tissue biopsies can provide detailed information on the extent of endothelial damage.
