Mass Spectrometry (MS): MS ionizes chemical compounds to generate charged molecules and measures their mass-to-charge ratios. This helps in identifying the molecular weight and structure of the compounds. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): HPLC separates the components of a mixture based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase, allowing for precise quantification. Gas Chromatography (GC): GC separates volatile substances by passing them through a column filled with a stationary phase, with the separation based on boiling points and affinities to the stationary phase. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): NMR exploits the magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei to provide detailed information about the structure, dynamics, and environment of molecules. Biosensors: These devices combine a biological detection system with a physicochemical detector to identify and measure the presence of toxic substances.
