The human body has evolved sophisticated mechanisms to detoxify toxins, primarily involving the liver, kidneys, lungs, skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. The liver plays a central role in detoxification through three main phases:
1. Phase I Detoxification: This phase involves the conversion of toxins into more water-soluble forms by enzymes such as the cytochrome P450 family. This process can sometimes produce reactive intermediates, which are more toxic than the original substances.
2. Phase II Detoxification: During this phase, the reactive intermediates from Phase I are conjugated with various molecules like glutathione, sulfate, or glycine to facilitate their excretion. This phase is crucial for reducing the toxicity of the intermediates.
3. Phase III Detoxification: This phase involves the transport of conjugated toxins out of cells and into the bile or urine for excretion. Transport proteins play a key role in this process.
