In toxicology, carcinogenesis is studied using various methods, including epidemiological studies, animal models, and in vitro assays. Epidemiological studies investigate the relationship between exposure to potential carcinogens and cancer incidence in human populations. Animal models, such as rodents, are used to study the carcinogenic potential of substances and understand the underlying mechanisms. In vitro assays, including cell culture experiments, help identify molecular and cellular changes induced by carcinogens.
